propertyformatter.inl

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//==================================================================================================
/// \file
/// This header-file is part of module \alib_format of the \aliblong.
///
/// \emoji :copyright: 2013-2025 A-Worx GmbH, Germany.
/// Published under #"mainpage_license".
//==================================================================================================
ALIB_EXPORT namespace alib { namespace  format {
 
//==================================================================================================
/// # Introduction # {#alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_overview}
///
/// This class can be used to offer customized format strings to end users. For example, when
/// it should be allowed to end-users to store output format strings of complex type.
///
/// For this, the format string definition of \alib {format;Formatter}
/// types is extended to support identifiers,
/// which act as placeholders for object values. The identifiers placed in the string have to match
/// to the normal formatting placeholders in respect to their total number and value type.
///
/// \note
///   In other words: This class allows not only to have custom format strings which consume a
///   list of data objects that is hard-coded, but also to have the replacement data objects defined
///   by the end user.
///
/// In the constructor of this class, a custom format string which whose syntax is based on
/// #"alib_format_intro;standard ALib format strings" is passed.
/// However, before using the format string, it is processed as follows:
/// - It is searched for <em>"custom identifiers"</em> within the format string.
/// - For each identifier found, a reference to an associated callback function is stored.
/// - The <em>"custom identifier"</em> found is removed from the format string.
///
/// It could be said, that the format string given "is compiled" with the constructor of this class.
///
/// The only interface method #".Format" then accepts a
/// #"alib::boxing;boxed object" of custom type that is used to collect the format string's
/// placeholder data, by using the stored callback functions.
///
/// The identifiers are denoted by prefixing them with (customizable) character <c>'@'</c>.
///
/// A vector of objects of inner type \b IdentifierEntry needs to be defined and passed to the
/// constructor of this class.
/// The field #"IdentifierEntry::Name" contains the \e 'identifier' string which is removed from the
/// format string if found. Field #"IdentifierEntry::Callback" has to point to a callback function
/// used to retrieve the data when the identifier is found in the format string.
///
/// The whole approach is useful in cases where an application wants to allow a customizable output
/// format of data objects.
///
/// # Sample # {#alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_sample}
/// Let us assume, an application uses an enumeration and a simple struct:
/// \snippet "DOX_STRINGS.cpp"     DOX_STRINGS_PROPERTY_FORMATTER_1
///
/// In the application's configuration file, a custom output format for objects of type \b Person
/// should be user-defined. We document to the user that she can use Python-style or
/// Java-style output formats - extended by the ability to place the following three identifiers in
/// the string:
/// - \@name
/// - \@age
/// - \@hobby.
///
/// A possible format string then would be:
///
///          "{@name} is aged {@age} and his/her hobby is {@hobby}"
///
/// \note
///   The custom identifiers might appear anywhere in the format string. But as sampled above,
///   placing them in directly in the formatter replacement fields, makes the string very well
///   readable. Also, it is important to have exactly one identifier for each replacement field,
///   which this notation of course supports well.
///
/// To tell this class how to retrieve the replacement values, we need to define three callback
/// functions:
/// \snippet "DOX_STRINGS.cpp"     DOX_STRINGS_PROPERTY_FORMATTER_2
/// It is a good idea to place the callback functions in an anonymous (sub-) namespace as they
/// are only referred to once (in the next step).<br>
/// As this sample is very trivial, the second parameter <c>AString&</c> is not used and named.
/// Details on the purpose and use of this parameter is addressed
/// #"alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_callbacks;below".
///
/// As a next step, these functions need to be collected together in a "translation table".
/// The table primarily holds a string denoting the replacement identifier and a pointer to the
/// corresponding callback function. For convenience, the table type is provided with <c>using</c>
/// definition #"TCallbackTable".
///
/// In our sample, the definition of the table looks like this:
/// \snippet "DOX_STRINGS.cpp"     DOX_STRINGS_PROPERTY_FORMATTER_3
///
/// This is all we need! Of course, an external declaration of our table \b PersonCallbacks
/// should be placed somewhere in the project's header-file. With this, a code like this may now use
/// the custom formatter strings:
/// \snippet "DOX_STRINGS.cpp"     DOX_STRINGS_PROPERTY_FORMATTER_4
///
/// Running the code above produces the following output:
/// \verbinclude "DOX_STRINGS_PROPERTY_FORMATTER.txt"
///
/// Serializing objects in a custom format (e.g., a user could define its own \b JSon object output)
/// should be the most obvious and frequent use case. And this is what the classes name suggests.
/// Nevertheless, the callback methods might be more complex than just returning "properties" of
/// objects. The next sections gives more details on the custom callbacks.
///
/// \I{ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * }
/// # Callback Functions # {#alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_callbacks}
/// The call back function's signature is defined with <c>using</c>-statement #"TCallback" which
/// evaluates to
///
///                Box (*)(const Box&, AString&)
///
/// The return type is #"alib::boxing::Box;Box", which allows the callback function to
/// return objects of an arbitrary type, respectively all types that are equipped to be used
/// with \alib formatters.
///
/// The first input parameter provides the data object passed to method #".Format".
/// If the callback functions are dedicated to a property formatter that receives a certain
/// object type (what they usually are), the custom type can be straightly unboxed.
///
/// \note
///   The name of the class, as well as the sample above, indicate that the data objects are
///   simple objects with rather simple "properties" to read. While this is the usual use case,
///   a user of this class might pass more complex objects, or even the root object of the
///   application to the formatter. Then, the callback function may retrieve (or calculate)
///   any data that the application provides.
///
/// The second parameter is an \b AString object which optionally can be used to assemble
/// string objects in more complex callback methods. Note, that if this string is not
/// empty after the callback invocation, the result is copied to a string buffer allocated
/// in the heap memory. In this case, the box object returned by the callback is ignored
/// and instead the copy of the string is passed to the formatter. If C++ string constants
/// (e.g <c>"true"</c> are to be returned by the callbacks, those constants do not need
/// to be copied to the buffer, as their memory is statically allocated. In other words,
/// the \b %AString buffer provided in the second parameter is needed to be used
/// only in cases that a string gets assembled in the callback function!
///
/// \I{ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * }
/// # Identifiers And The Escape Character '@' # {#alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_escape}
/// The escape character used to find custom identifiers in the format string is defined
/// with parameter \p{ESCCharacter} of the constructor and defaults to \b '\@'.
/// This escape character is searched in the format string. If found, the identifier is
/// read by consuming alphabetic characters. Optionally, the end of a custom identifier can be
/// marked with an additional escape character.
/// Hence, the two format strings
///
///          "{@name}"
///          "{@name@}"
/// are both valid and equal.<br>
///
/// In case of
/// #"FormatterPythonStyle" format strings,
/// it is a good idea to place the identifier right inside the brackets. It just looks very intuitive.
/// However, these versions:
///
///          "@name{}"
///          "{}@name"
/// are also valid custom format strings.
///
/// In case of
/// #"FormatterJavaStyle", which uses \b '\%'
/// as its escape character, we consider the best option to put the custom identifier in front
/// of each \b '\%' symbol. The string of the example given above would then look like this:
///
///          "@name%s is aged @age%d and his/her hobby is @hobby%s"
/// Doing it this way, the \b '\%' symbol acts as a very natural delimiter for the custom
/// identifier.
///
/// Furthermore, the field #"IdentifierEntry::MinimumRecognitionLength" allows abbreviations of
/// identifier names.
/// It denotes the minimum number of characters to be* matched. As in the above sample a
/// value of \c 1 is provided, each identifier of the custom format string can be abbreviated down
/// to one character. Consequently, the following format string samples are all equal and allowed:
///
///          "{@name}"
///          "{@nam}"
///          "{@na}"
///          "{@n}"
///
/// Finally, to insert the escape character itself into the format string, it has to be doubly
/// inserted (<c>"@@"</c>).
///
/// \I{ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * }
/// # Alternative # {#alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_alternative}
/// If \alib_expressions is compiled with the library, a utility class similar to this one
/// is available with #"util::ExpressionFormatter".
/// With this, complex expressions and calculations might be used instead of only having simple
/// identifiers as replacements.
///
/// \I{#############################################################################################}
/// # Reference Documentation #
/// @throws Exception #"alib::format::FMTExceptions::UnknownPropertyInFormatString;2" \I{CLANGDUMMY}
//==================================================================================================
class PropertyFormatter
{
  public:
        /// The signature of the callback functions.
        /// See #"alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_callbacks" for more information.
        using TCallback=   Box (*)(const Box&, AString&);
 
    /// The entry type of translation table.
    struct IdentifierEntry
    {
        /// The identifier string to search in the original format string.
        String      Name;
 
        /// The minimum characters of the identifier to read in the format string.
        /// If less or equal to zero, abbreviations are not allowed.
        int         MinimumRecognitionLength;
 
        /// The callback function for this identifier.
        /// @see #"alib_ns_strings_propertyformatter_callbacks".
        TCallback   Callback;
    };
 
        /// Type definition of the callback table.
        using TCallbackTable=       std::vector<IdentifierEntry>;
 
 
  protected:
        /// Internal type definition for the list of callback table entries collected in the
        /// constructor by parsing the extended format string.
        using TCallbackResultTable= std::vector<const IdentifierEntry*>;
 
    /// The formatter (as given in the constructor).
    SPFormatter             stdFormatter;
 
    /// The original format string. Used only for exception information.
    AString                 propertyFormatString;
 
    /// The resulting format string passed to \alib formatters.
    AString                 formatString;
 
    /// The callback functions to receive the format data.
    TCallbackResultTable    callBacks;
 
  public:
 
    /// Constructor. Processes the given format string and builds internal structures
    /// which are then used with invocations of method #".Format".
    ///
    /// @param customFormatString  The format string as described in the class documentation.
    /// @param propertyTable       Table with property identifier names and callback functions
    ///                            to retrieve the property values.
    /// @param formatter           The formatter to use. Defaults to \c nullptr which selects
    ///                            the #"Formatter::DEFAULT;default formatter".
    /// @param ESCCharacter        The prefix used to search identifiers in
    ///                            \p{customFormatString}.<br>
    ///                            Defaults to <c>'@'</c>.
    ///
    /// @throws Exception #"FMTExceptions;FMTExceptions::UnknownPropertyInFormatString".
    ALIB_DLL
    PropertyFormatter( const String             customFormatString,
                       const TCallbackTable&    propertyTable,
                       SPFormatter              formatter            = nullptr,
                       character                ESCCharacter         = '@'       );
 
    /// Writes the formatted output of the properties of the given \p{TFormattable} object
    /// to a given \p{target} string.
    ///
    /// @param target    The target string to write into.
    /// @param src       The custom object which is passed to the callback methods to collect
    ///                  the formatter arguments.
    ALIB_DLL
    void    Format( AString& target, const Box&  src );
}; // class PropertyFormatter
 
} // namespace alib[::format]
 
/// Type alias in namespace \b alib.
using PropertyFormatter  =     format::PropertyFormatter;
 
} // namespace [alib]